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Nodules also host a vast array of microbial communities that play a critical role in nutrient and carbon cycling. Organisms that hope to survive in these habitats have to face a range of challenges – from a lack of food, to cold and perpetual darkness, to extreme pressures (e.g. 200 times surface pressure at a depth of 2,000 metres). But with the aid of specific adaptations, denizens of the deep can overcome all these problems. For example, to counter the high pressures, their bodies feature no swim bladders or other gas pockets. And, since food is often in short supply in these habitats, many species have adapted to endure extended periods with no food – e.g. by creating internal fatty reserves. When it comes to the absolute darkness, many organisms have evolved sensory solutions – like biochemical sensors that can detect scents in the water.

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Over half of the global electric vehicle battery market is controlled by China, and China manufactures over 80 percent of the world’s solar panels. In 2023, China’s investments in zero-emission technology were over double the size of any other country’s investments. China has invested heavily in innovations for electrification, battery storage, and other renewables, all of which are technologies that rely on access to REEs.

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• Still, the deep-sea remains one of the least explored regions on planet Earth.47 Pressures even in the mesopelagic become too great for traditional exploration methods, demanding alternative approaches for deep-sea research.
• A cold seep gets its name not because the liquid and gas that emerge are colder than the surrounding seawater, but because they are cooler than the scalding temperature of the similar hydrothermal vent.
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• Animals that can withstand the pressures in this depth, which can reach up to 600 times what is experienced at sea level are highly specialized.
• TMC did not respond to Mongabay’s questions about the study’s suggestion to discharge below, rather than right at, 2,000 m, or whether the company would adjust its mining plans based on these findings.

“Within trenches, at the same depth band, differences in historical seismic disturbance and seafloor stability created different communities,” the deep-sea ecologist said. Marine biologists’ immersion of devices, like their robot, in the deep sea, my immersion for a time in their social practice and language; their remote readouts of deep dynamics, my semi-detached participant-observation… The more I thought about it, though, the stranger fieldwork seemed as a word for what we were doing…
It extends from 19,700 feet (6,000 meters) to the very bottom of the Mariana Trench at 36,070 feet (10,994 meters). In 2018, scientists officially described a snailfish (Pseudoliparis swirei) at 27,000 feet below sea level, the deepest living fish ever found. The snailfish lacks scales, has large teeth, and does not bioluminesce, a departure from what many people envision in a deep-sea fish.

• This setting was characterised by a masculine naval culture, physical challenges, and harsh conditions—a blending of scientific inquiry with maritime work cultures.
• Most are familiar with the surface layer, which extends down 650 feet (200 m) and receives the most sunlight, allowing photosynthetic organisms like phytoplankton to convert sunlight to energy.
• Pockets of life thrive when food is available, and often these distinct deep sea communities rely on alternate sources of chemical energy that do not originate from the sun—they have figured a way to make do with what they get.
• In the late 4th century BC, Alexander the Great sent Greek naval expeditions down the Red Sea to the Indian Ocean.
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It is also the point of transition from continental shelves to slopes.1 Despite the extreme pressure, organisms called deep sea fish can survive there. While the deep sea was once thought to be devoid of life — too dark, cold and starved of food for anything to survive — we now know that it is the largest habitable space on the planet and home to a dazzling array of life. In the Clarion-Clipperton Zone alone, a key area of interest for deep-sea mining, researchers have recently discovered over 5,000 species that were entirely new to science.
Snow crabs, brittle stars, and squat lobsters scurry their way over, and in the ensuing month these scavengers will consume about 40 to 60 kg of flesh per day (88 – 132 pounds). The feeding frenzy also disperses bits and pieces as well as nutrients into the surrounding seafloor where anemones, sea stars, mollusks, worms, and other crustaceans take advantage of the food. Some whale falls can support a blanket of 45,000 worms per square meter—the highest animal density in the entire ocean. In relations to protein substitution, specific osmolytes were found to be Deep Sea abundant in deep sea fish under high hydrostatic pressure. However, he noted that the biggest threat to many shark, ray and chimaera species is still overfishing.

Council’s hands ‘completely tied’ on land access

As we delve deeper into its mysteries, we gain not only knowledge but also a greater appreciation for the interconnectedness of all life on Earth. The exploration of the deep sea is a journey into the unknown, and it is a journey that holds the promise of unlocking some of the greatest secrets of our planet. Seamounts are underwater mountains that rise from the seabed without breaking the surface. They are biodiversity hotspots in the vast ocean that swirls around them, each one acting like a unique oasis in the desert. Taken together, these assets have produced a valuable dataset that documents the long-term trends and changes in this Arctic ecosystem.

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They use this feature to attract males, but also (and especially) prey species. “This provided one of the most detailed observations of seafloor biodiversity and habitats at these depths,” said University of Western Australia’s Denise Swanborn, lead author of the study published in the Journal of Biogeography. Starting at roughly 200 meters and stretching to 10,000 meters deep, the deep sea is dark, cold, under intense pressure and food-scarce.

Marine Snow

Videos taken by the crew led to the documentation of organisms that spanned 70 morphological groups in 11 taxonomic categories across eight habitat types. And while for many creatures partaking in the migration is a way to avoid predators, others take advantage of the reliable movement of potential prey. One tiny plankton, a foraminfera, waits in the path of the migration and ensnares passing copepods, a migrating crustacean, in a web of protruding spines. A layer of these plankton create a dense mine field for the tiny crustaceans to swim through on their path each day. It seems like an impossibility—coming across a lake at the bottom of the ocean. But due to chemical and physical properties of water, this is, in fact, a reality.

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These 31 contracts have been given to 22 contractors, with five of the contracts going to China through its government and companies. Geographically, 17 of these contracts have been issued to explore in the Clarion-Clipperton Fracture Zone, which is located in the Pacific Ocean between Hawaii and Mexico, making this region strategically important. Over half of these contracts have been awarded to search for REEs through exploring for polymetallic nodules. The deep sea is Earth’s largest and least explored ecosystem – a mysterious world of towering underwater mountains, vast plains, and life forms found nowhere else on the planet. It’s a world few will ever see, but it holds ancient knowledge, remarkable biodiversity and plays a critical role in the health of our ocean, our climate, and our future.

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